Guidance on Being a Sporting Parent

by Juliette Lloyd



Introduction

Everyday when I look at the sports pages, I am reminded of the role that parents play in their offspring’s sporting endeavors. Watching the William's sisters during this year’s tennis circuit, one cannot help but realise the enormous impact that their father Richard has had on their tennis careers.

It is of course not just in tennis that parents have an impact on their children. Having spent 8 years coaching rowing, I am only too aware of the impact, both positive and negative that parents can have on their child’s enjoyment and achievement in sport. During the build up to the “big fight” between Tyson and Lewis at the beginning of June, much was written about the role that their parents played in their lives inside and outside the ring. In a recent article, Alison Kervin examined the different parenting styles they were brought up with and how they have had a major impact. “Tyson and Lewis are two very different men from quite similar family backgrounds. One had a searingly close relationship with his mother and has a normal, rational attitude to women. The other had a patchy, distant relationship with his mother that has left him tortured by an inability to show an ounce of respect or basic civility towards them.” (Times 8th June 2002).

There are many other examples, like Tyson, which show that the foundation of success in adult life, is often an experience of misery and loss in childhood. It is this experience, according to O’Sullivan (1997) that produces drive and it is often an early experience of triumph over adversity or of survival that produces the critical “bounce-back” qualities of successful people, where failure is not an option.

Research

Achievers like Tyson are “reactive narcissists” according to a leading expert in this field - Manfred de Vries (1985). These are people who achieve great things despite a traumatic youth. George Graham, one of the most successful football managers, is according to de Vries, a good example of a “reactive narcissist”, for, out of his traumas of childhood, was born a tremendous hunger for success.

If this makes depressing reading, then fear not, because clearly there is more to success than childhood trauma. There are many high achievers who confound this theory - Lennox Lewis and David Beckham being two. Both are examples of people who have achieved, not as a way of coping with distress but because they happen to love what they do and were always encouraged by their parents and those around them, and never pushed into doing it. These people are termed “constructive narcissists” by de Vries, and are those for whom achievement springs from a happy childhood.

So what is the answer for parents? How can they ensure that they are doing the best for their children to ensure they participate and achieve in sport for positive, constructive reasons rather than destructive, negative ones?

Guidelines

1. The first point to remember is that sport is supposed to be fun. Make sure your children are having fun. Help them to overcome the heartaches, which will undoubtedly occur, by helping them to learn from these experiences and use them in the rest of their life.
2. “Success in sport” is often equated with winning and this is where problems can occur. It is important to find out your child’s reasons for their participation and motivation in sport, rather than get stuck in your own. I have seen many parents who push the child for their own motivations, rather than letting them play for themselves and the results can be devastating. A recent book, “Little Girls in Pretty Boxes” (Ryan, 1997) which is set in the world of gymnastics, shows the disastrous impact parents can have on their children by imposing their own motivations and not listening to the child’s.
3. Always give unconditional support. The example of Mike Tyson, although extreme, shows the danger of growing up in a hostile environment without love, and using sport to survive. Make sure that your children know that win or lose you love them unconditionally. This will ensure a stable platform from which they can spring to higher heights and one they can come back to whenever they need it.
4. Be a role model. You don’t actually have to be active in sport to be a role model - you can model helpful behaviours and actions and support your child all the way. One area in which you might do this for example is eating. In her new book Amanda Ursell (2002) encourages parents to realise the influential role which they play and be role models for healthy eating and activity rather than leaving this area and many others to chance.
5. Show respect for your children’s coaching staff and ensure that you establish good lines of communication with your child’s coaches. If there is a problem, then taking matters into your own hands only makes matters worse. A more effective tack would be to discuss your concerns with the coaching staff first to prevent embarrassment for your child and frustration from the coach and then work together to find the best all-round solution.
6. Focus your child on being the best he/she can be, rather than being better than someone else. Comparisons are very dangerous, because they will always be better than one, but worse than another. Instead, help them to focus on themselves and their improvements, rather than the outcome of a competition. Teach them that success means achieving personal goals and that winning isn’t everything.

Summary

Parents obviously will effect their children, be they absent or present in all areas of their lives, and sport is no exception. The role of a parent is never easy and in sport this is the same. The examples of sportsmen and women and their relationships with their parents show us that there is no single path to success and fulfillment, but the parental role is vital in establishing the way in which the child experiences sport.

To my mind, the most valuable piece of advice is summed up by Newsham & Murphey (1999. They encourage parents to keep sport in perspective and remind parents that, “the main purpose of sport is to create an opportunity for fun and growth. All the triumphs and heartaches that are inherent in sport … can provide learning experiences and lessons that help pave the road to adulthood.”

Your child should be encouraged to be involved in sport for all the lessons and growth that it brings to them. Success will come in many guises - it doesn’t have to be just about winning. Help them learn the valuable lessons which sport can bring and to enjoy the experience - in this way both your role as a sporting parent and their role as an athlete will be fulfilled.

References

1. De Vries, M. (1985). Narcissm and Leadership: An Object Relations Perspective. Human Relations, 38: 583-601.
2. Ryan (1997).Little Girls in Pretty Boxes - The making and breaking of elite gymnasts and figure skaters. The Women’s Press: London
3. Buy this book on amazon.co.uk
4. Kervin, A. Bad Boy meets his Match in the Mother’s Boy. The Times Sport, Saturday June 8th 2002.
5. O’Sullivan, J. Blame the Parents. The Independent Tabloid, 21st May 1997.
6. Newsham, S. & Murphey, M. (1999). Sport Psychology Guidelines for Parents of Young Athletes.
7. Ursell, A. (2002). Kids’ Food for Fitness. A & C Black.

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How Parents Can Ruin Kids Sport

by Pinky McKay


Kathy, the mother of a child with a disability describes her son's grade one ball in tin relay. "There was Johnny, proud as punch, holding his ball, ready to run and place it in the tin. Some other mothers whose kids were in the same team were huddled together. Then one of them came over to me and said, "wouldn't the other children have abetter chance of winning if you took your son out of the team?" Kathy says, "I just saw red. I screeched at this woman. I'll kill you before I'll take my kid out of that team."

As Kathy's experience demonstrates, ugly parents aren't a unique feature of Wimbledon. Neither are they exclusive to competitive or elite level sport. Ugly parent syndrome can be unleashed at the most junior level and, unfortunately, it isn't uncommon for fury to be directed towards another parent's child.

Anthony Klarica is head of Sports Psychology at Olympic Park Sports Medicine Clinic in Melbourne. Anthony is so concerned about parents ruining kids sports that he believes guidelines should be drawn up to explain how parents should behave at sports events, how they should interact with their child and their peers, as well as how children should be treated away from the sports arena.

If parents follow these guidelines, he says, it might be possible to prevent psychological distress in young athletes.

Anthony Klarica claims parental attitudes were a main cause of burnout, stress and other psychological problems .In extreme cases young athletes who couldn't cope with poor performance levels had exhibited suicidal tendencies.

A classic example of broken prodigy is Jennifer Capriati who went from 13 year old child tennis champion to 16 year old drop out and drug user. After a loss in Japan, Jennifer was heard screaming at her father, "What the hell do you know? You are destroying my life. I don't care if I ever play tennis again. Just get out of my life."

Capriati justified pushing his daughter to play far more than she wanted by saying, "when the fruit is ripe, you eat it." Parents don't need to be overtly abusive to ruin kid's sport. According to Anthony Klarica, the number one mistake parents can make is trying to become their child's coach. Although parent's efforts to give their kids an extra edge may be well intentioned, this can be counter productive.

Parents who instruct children on the way to an event, yell or signal moves from the sidelines, and tell them what they should have done after the race or force kids to train, place the emphasis of sport on winning, rather than participation. This pressure to perform can cause stress which actually detracts from the child's ability to perform or it could promote a defeatist attitude.

Kevin Spinks is a professor and researcher in sport psychology at the University of Saskatchewan, Canada. He spent nine years working in Australia with elite athletes and teams. Spinks cautions, "children who perceive winning as all important need a high opinion of their ability to maintain the confidence to perform because they interpret failures as signs of their lack of ability. These children tend to think along the lines, "I'm not very good at this, so why bother really putting myself out. I'll only end up failing anyway. When they fail, they take this as another sign that they do not have the ability, thus perpetuating a downward spiral, possibly resulting in a complete withdrawal from sport."

Anthony Klarica says, "for adolescents, the drop out rates from sports are astronomical. It is quite possible that one contributing factor is parents putting too much pressure on winning. The truth is there are more losers in any sport than winners. Young athletes need to learn how to cope with losing."

What does motivate parental pressure to win? What lies behind those typically pushy parent catchcries of justification; "it's for your own good. You need to understand that you didn't play well!" What drives parents to teach their children that peers are the enemy? or to resort to emotional blackmail, "who wants you to succeed more than I do?"

According to Angela Rossmanith, author of When Will the children Play? "It can be tempting for some parents to project their aspirations onto their children but probably the most common reason for wanting our kids to do well - apart from the positives for them - is that it validates us as parents: If my child does well we might reason, it means I must have done a good job." Rossmanith says, Children pay a heavy price when our goal is for them to be on top - they can come to feel depersonalised, valued only for what they achieve, and merely indicators of their parent's success."

For some parents, involvement in their children's sport is viewed as a personal sacrifice so they demand a result (winning) for their efforts. Anthony Klarica says, "parents should remember that they are supporting their children's development. Kids shouldn't feel obliged to perform."

Klarica advises parents to ask themselves "What do I want my child to get from sport?" He says, "physical activity is about developing coordination and skills, cardiovascular and muscular strength to lay the foundation for a healthy life ahead, as well as social skills. Children can learn skills that will be beneficial in other areas of their life and, later, in the workplace, especially if their parents role model positive behaviour such as encouragement."

Anthony Klarica says, "when the focus is on enjoyment of sport, rather than winning, children are likely to maintain interest. Anthony Klarica offers some sporting guidelines for parents:-

DO

• Encourage your child to participate in physical activity.
• Put an emphasis on participation and effort, not winning.
• Support your child while he/she is playing, simply by being there.
• Comment on how hard they tried, or something positive.
• Leave the coaching to the coach.
• Ask the child how he/she would like you to act or support them. Is there anything they would like you to do?
• Model self control and enjoyment if playing with them in the yard or at the park.

DO NOT

• Do not yell at the child for errors or mistakes.
• Do not yell abuse at umpires or opposition during a game.
• Do not criticise umpires, opposition or put a coach down in discussion with your child about practise or a game.
• Do not put all the emphasis on winning.
• Do not make exaggerated facial expressions or hand signals to the child while they are playing or competing.
• If you are playing a sport or activity with the child at home, or at the park, do not try to turn it into a definitive coaching session. Rather, allow the child to have as much fun as possible, so that they are motivated to go and participate and play again. That way they will remain in the sport longer and develop the skills and abilities over time.

Pinky McKay is a mother of five
who has spent hours on the sidelines watching (and cheering).



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Bulutangkis Untuk Anak Usia Dini

Bulutangkis Sebagai Pilihan

Saya tidak pernah membayangkan sebelumnya bahwa anak saya akan menyukai permainan bulutatangkis. Awalnya adalah gagasan untuk memberikan sebuah kegiatan yang menyenangkan dan menyehatkan bagi anak. Saat itu, usianya beranjak 7 tahun. Karena saya dan istri menyukai olah raga renang, maka kami memasukkannya pada sebuah klub renang di Depok, Jawa Barat. Semua kelihatan berjalan dengan baik dan menyenangkan. Anak saya menyukai peer group barunya. Saya dan istri kemudian terseret dan ikut berenang dengan jadwal latihan renang anak yang tiga kali per minggu. Semuanya sehat dan bahagia. Berenang menjadi kegiatan rutin keluarga.

Rutinitas tersebut berlangsung selama dua tahun. Sampai suatu ketika, karena suatu hal, anak saya keluar dari klub renangnya. Walaupun kami masih menyempatkan diri untuk berenang pada setiap hari libur, anak saya tampaknya tetap gelisah. Ia kehilangan arena bermain dan teman bermain.

Mulailah kami mencari klub olah raga untuk pembinaan anak usia dini. Satu persatu klub olah raga yang ada di sekitar kota Depok kami kunjungi. Belum juga ada jenis oalah raga yang menarik perhatiannya. Sampailah pada suatu ketika, kami mengunjungi sebuah klub bulutangkis PB Prima Cipta Utama yang menggunakan Balai Rakyat Depok Utara sebagai tempat berlatih. Saat itu hari minggu, ketika anak-anak sedang berlatih tanding. Tidak disangka, anak saya langsung menyatakan keinginannya untuk ikut latihan bulutangkis. Pulang dari tempat itu, ia memaksa untuk membeli semua perlengkapan dan peralatan bulutangkis. Ini adalah pilihannya dan kami sebagai orang tua gembira karena ia telah menemukan jenis olah raga pilihannya.

Hampir tiga tahun ia menekuni bulutangkis dengan semangat yang tetap menggebu-gebu. Saya tidak pernah berlatih secara sistematis dan tidak pernah bermain bulutangkis sebagai sarana rekreasi. Pemahaman saya sama sekali kosong tentang olah raga ini. Tapi, karena keterlibatan anak saya pada olah raga ini, saya merasa perlu untuk mengenal dan memahami olah raga ini. Sasaran pertama adalah toko buku. Herannya, buku tentang bulutangkis dalam bahasa Indonesia sangat langka. Kekosongan itu mendorong saya melakukan penjelajahan di dunia maya untuk mendapatkan gambaran tentang segala hal tentang bulutangkis, khususnya pelatihan bulutangkis untuk anak usia dini.

Awalnya Adalah Kegembiraan Anak

Permainan bulutangkis atau badminton memang memacu kegairahan dan kegembiraan anak-anak. Kita dapat melihat anak-anak melakukan permainan ini hampir di setiap pelosok kampung di Indonesia. Dengan peralatan seadanya, sebilah papan sebagai pengganti raket dan shuttlecock yang nyaris gundul atau buatan sendiri dari bulu ayam, mereka dapat bermain dengan gembira.

Saat menemani anak berlatih di PB Cipta Prima Utama,saya melihat dan merasakan gelora kegembiraan dan pijar semangat anak-anak bermain di lapangan. Pada satu tempo, energi mereka seakan meledak saat menyerang dengan pukulan smash, disusul gerakan lembut net shot. Seakan energi mereka tidak pernah habis. Adalah sebuah kebahagiaan mengikuti perkembangan kemampuan anak-anak dalam mengelola dan mengendalikan tubuh. Getaran kegembiraan dan semangat anak-anak saat berlatih dan bermain dapat mengurangi perasaan getir melihat semakin berkurangnya sarana bermain dan berkumpul untuk anak-anak perkotaan di Indonesia.

Bulutangkis memang memikat minat anak-anak. Permainan ini kelihatan seperti campuran permainan pedang-pedangan dengan permainan galasin/gobaksodor/benteng. Permainan bulutangkis memang membutuhkan kecepatan reflek, ketepatan membaca reaksi lawan, kemampuan menguasai lapangan seorang pemain anggar serta kealotan dan kelenturan tubuh seorang pesenam. Daya tahan mental dan fisik serta kemampuan pengelolaan dan pengendalian tubuh yang diperoleh melalui latihan bulutangkis memberikan anak-anak kesehatan dan sekaligus permainan yang menyenangkan. Dalam latihan bersama dalam klub, kegiatan ini membantu mengembangkan kemampuan anak membangun hubungan sosial. Inilah yang kita, sebagai orang tua, harapkan diperoleh anak-anak pada masa pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya.

Ketika Permainan Berubah Menjadi Persaingan

Akan tetapi, kegembiraan anak-anak dalam proses pembentukan diri itu sering terganggu. Suatu waktu, anak saya keluar lapangan sambil menangis. Ia kalah angka ketika bermain (tunggal) ketika berhadapan dengan seorang anak yang baru masuk klub. Saya belum pernah melihatnya bersikap seperti itu. Biasanya, menang atau kalah angka dalam setiap permainan, ia ke luar lapangan dengan semangat yang tetap menggelora. Di pinggir lapangan, ia biasanya mengulang dengan bangga pukulan-pukulan yang dianggapnya berhasil atau memperbaiki pukulan-pukulan yang dianggapnya gagal. Ketika ia menangis ke luar lapangan, saya dapat merasakan kesedihan dan memahami perasaan.

Pada permainan tadi, beberapa orang dewasa menonton di pinggir lapangan dan memberikan dorongan yang berlebihan. Penonton dewasa tersebut berteriak, “ayo …jangan kalah sama anak baru…bantai …libas.” Disadari atau tidak, mereka telah merubah lapangan bulutangkis tersebut dari arena “permainan” anak-anak menjadi arena “persaingan” orang dewasa. Anak saya tidak siap ketika didorong masuk ke dalam arena persaingan. Selama ini, ia kelihatannya memperlakukan bulutangkis sebagai permainan dan olah raga yang menyenangkan dan bukan sebagai ajang persaingan. Keceriaan bermain hilang dalam penampilannya. Ia ke luar lapangan tidak lagi sebagai layaknya anak-anak yang gembira setelah puas bermain dengan temannya. Ia ke luar lapangan sebagai orang kalah, anak yang gagal memenuhi harapan orang dewasa yang berada di luar lapangan.

Kejadin seperti ini sering saya lihat berlangsung di lapangan bulutangkis. Bahkan, ada anak yang masih berumur balita menangis ketika kalah angka ketika bermain dengan anak seusianya. Menurut saya, mereka terlalu dini untuk merasakan sebuah kegagalan. Gagal memenuhi harapan orang dewasa. Anak-anak ikut klub bulutangkis pada usia dini agar bisa bermain dengan gembira bersama anak-anak seusianya sekaligus menjadi sehat dan kuat melalui olah raga yang menyenangkan secara teratur. Bukan untuk mengumpulkan angka-angka dalam suatu sistem pertandingan yang dirancang oleh orang dewasa.

Mengejar Prestasi Menjadi Juara

Fantasi akan kemenangan dan ambisi orang dewasa terasa lebih kental pada saat turnamen atau kompetisi. Dalam keramaian pertandingan bulutangkis, anak-anak masuk dalam tantangan persaingan, penuh dengan fantasi sang anak atau harapan para orangtua dan pelatih akan kemenangan. Ada yang kelihatan menggelembung menikmati tantangan dan ada yang tampak menciut merana. Perasaan gembira dan sedih muncul saat menyelesaikan pertandingan.

Orang tua, pendamping dan pelatih mengamati dengan tegang setiap hasil tindakan anak-anak di lapangan. Mereka menahan nafas, melonjak gembira bila anaknya mendapat angka, mengeluh saat anaknya gagal dan tampak geram dan kesal melihat sang anak berulang kali melakukan kesalahan yang sama. Setiap kemenangan akan membayar segala penderitaan yang telah ditanggung orang tua selama ini untuk mendukung kegiatan. Kemenangan anak didik akan melepaskan beban pelatih dalam membina sang anak dalam olah raga bulutangkis. Semakin jauh beda angka yang didapat sang anak meninggalkan lawannya, semakin membenarkan segala penderitaan mereka. Jerih payah telah menghasilkan buahnya!

• "Putri saya pernah merebut piala juara Kota Madya pada pertandingan antar Sekolah Dasar dan menyingkirkan lawan yang mengalahkannya tahun lalu," kata seorang bapak dengan dengan nada puas sambil menyambut anaknya, kelas 5 Sekolah Dasar, yang baru saja memenangkan pertandingan.
• "Putra saya akan mewakili kota ini dalam PORDA yang akan datang," kata seorang ibu dengan bangga menunjuk anaknya, kelas 1 SMA, yang berhasil mengalahkan semua lawan.

Di pojok ruangan, seorang anak perempuan berumur 10 tahun meringkuk ketakutan dihadapan ayahnya yang kelihatan sangat marah. Tubuhnya yang basah oleh keringat tampak lelah. Sang ayah dengan geram melayangkan tangannya memukul kepala si anak. Sang ayah tidak dapat menerima ketidak mampuan anaknya untuk memenangkan pertandingan. Penghasilannya yang pas-pasan sebagai tukang ojek motor sebagian besar telah dicurahkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan yang berkaitan dengan pelatihan bulutangkis si anak: iuran bulanan di klub, membayar pelatih privat, membeli perlengkapan dan peralatan pendukung latihan, biaya turnamen, makanan tambahan dan sebagainya. Bahkan, dana untuk membeli susu anak bungsunya yang masih batita sering dialihkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bulutangkis si anak. Semua pengorbanan tampak sis-sia. Ayah dan anak sama-sama frustasi.

Tidak dapat disangkal, aspirasi dan dukungan orangtua sangat menentukan lahirnya seorang juara bulutangkis. Anak-anak tidak dapat bepergian untuk bertanding bulutangkis tanpa ijin dan restu orangtua. Untuk semua waktu, uang dan dukungan yang telah mereka berikan bagi kegiatan bulutangkis si anak, banyak orangtua mengharapkan sesuatu sebagai imbal baliknya. Mereka mempunyai suatu harapan dari semua pengorbanan tersebut. Mereka menginginkan sesuatu pada masa yang akan datang. Akan tetapi, apakah para orangtua mempunyai gambaran yang jelas tentang sesuatu yang dia harapkan dari dukungannya terhadap segala urusan bulutangkis si anak? Apakah motif dan ambisi orangtua tersebut sama dengan motif dan ambisi sang anak? Bila sama, apakah cita-cita pada masa depan itu dicapai dengan cara yang benar? Apakah demi bayangan keberhasilan pada masa depan, pertumbuhan dan perkembangan si anak harus ditempatkan pada satu alur tanpa pilihan? Apakah orangtua menyadari bahwa semua rencana dan usaha untuk menjadikan anaknya menjadi juara Sudirman Cup, Thomas Cup, Uber Cup, All England atau Olimpiade sepuluh tahun mendatang merupakan tantangan yang luar biasa? Apakah orang tua dapat membayangkan bahwa dalam rentang sepuluh tahun mendatang, si anak bisa saja berubah haluan hidupnya dan meninggalkan bulutangkis sama sekali?

Kembalikan Kegembiraan Anak

Bulutangkis pada usia dini adalah salah satu sarana bagi anak untuk mendapatkan kesehatan dan kebahagiaan bermain bersama temannya. Inilah sumbangan yang paling berharga dari olah raga bulutangkis untuk membantu perkembangan anak-anak: "mengisi masa kini anak-anak dengan kegiatan dan lingkungan yang sehat dan merangsang pertumbuhan."

Untuk masa depan, satu hal yang bisa jadi pegangan para orang tua. Bila sang anak mempunyai bakat, hasrat dan kemauan untuk menjadi juara, dan anda ingin perkembangan dirinya berjalan dengan baik, maka dukunglah agar ia dapat berlatih dengan benar dan teratur agar dapat meningkatkan diri sampai batas kemampuannya. Sekali lagi, jangan paksa anak menjadi sesuatu yang anda bayangkan.

Memahami Olah Raga Bulutangkis

Selama mengamati perkembangan anak saya latihan bulutangkis, saya berusaha untuk mencari literatur yang bisa membantu memahami permainan tersebut. Literatur berbahasa Indonesia yang tersedia di toko buku, yang tidak terlalu banyak jumlahnya, memberikan gambaran kasar tentang bulutangkis. Saya mendapat gambaran tentang ukuran lapangan, peralatan, peraturan permainan, teknik dasar pukulan dan berbagai contoh latihan fisik untuk atlit bulutangkis. Akan tetapi, pertanyaan dasar tentang sifat khas permainan ini belum terjawab. Misalnya, berapa kecepatan maksimal shuttle cock? Bagaimana mengayunkan raket untuk menghasilkan kekuatan maksimal? Kemampuan tubuh seperti apa yang harus dikuasai seorang atlit untuk dapat bereaksi terhadap kecepatan maksimal shuttle cock? Latihan fisik seperti apa yang sesuai dengan pertumbuhan anak-anak? Bagaimana kita mengetahui bahwa anak telah mengalami over training? Bagaimana mengatasi cidera pada saat latihan? Dan banyak pertanyaan lainnya. Semakin banyak saya membaca dan berdiskusi dengan para pelatih dan pemain bulutangkis, semakin terasa kekurangan pengetahuan saya tentang masalah ini.

SEPUTAR BULUTANGKIS adalah layaknya buku catatan perkembangan pemahaman saya tentang olah raga bulutangkis dan sarana berdiskusi dengan para orang tua, pelatih dan semua orang yang tertarik dalam pembinaan olah raga bulutangkis untuk usia dini. Salah satu website yang saya nilai cukup baik memberi gambaran tentang olah raga bulutangkis adalah adalah websitenya Jake Downey. Dalam webnya, Downey memberikan dua buah buku tentang bulutangkis secara gratis dan berbagai artikel tentang pembinaan bulutangkis untuk anak usia dini. Secara garis besar, tulisan ini merupakan gagasan Downey yang saya sadur secara bebas. Tanggungjawab atas tulisan ini tetap ada pada saya.


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